Part III
Appendices
The offices of Speakers Hastert, Gingrich, Foley
and Wright, submitted their personal biographies
for publication in this document.
J. Dennis Hastert
Dennis Hastert rose to his position as Speaker of the House from the
cornfields of Illinois. Born in Aurora, he grew up in Oswego and earned
degrees from Wheaton College and Northern Illinois University. After 16
years of teaching and coaching at Yorkville High School, he served in
the Illinois House of Representatives for 6 years before being elected
to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986. In 1999, Hastert's
colleagues honored him by electing him Speaker of the House, the third
highest elected official in the U.S. Government.
Speaker Hastert, who turned 62 on January 2, 2004, is now serving his
third term as Speaker and his ninth term as the Republican Congressman
for Illinois' 14th Congressional District. Hastert's home district
comprises a suburban landscape of high tech firms, small and large
industrial complexes and expansive farm land west of Chicago, which
includes the boyhood home of President Ronald Reagan. The 14th
Congressional District reelected Hastert in 2002 with 74 percent of the
overall vote.
As Speaker, Hastert is responsible for the day-to-day functions of the
U.S. House. When he succeeded Newt Gingrich on January 6, 1999, he broke
with tradition by delivering his acceptance speech from the House floor
and by allowing Minority Leader Dick Gephardt to briefly preside over
the day's proceedings. These two actions served as fitting symbols for
the content of the new Speaker's remarks, when he emphasized the need
for both parties to come together in the House to get their work done:
Solutions to problems cannot be found in a pool of bitterness. They
can be found in an environment in which we trust one another's word;
where we generate heat and passion, but where we recognize that each
member is equally important to our overall mission of improving the life
of the American people.
Hastert outlined a four-part commonsense agenda that day for the 106th
Congress--lowering taxes, improving education, strengthening Social
Security and Medicare, and bolstering national defense. Under his
leadership, the 106th Congress balanced the budget for the fourth year
in a row; paid down a historic amount of public debt ($625 billion);
locked away 100 percent of Social Security and Medicare dollars to be
spent solely on Social Security and Medicare--not other government
programs; sent more education dollars and decisionmaking to local
classrooms; stepped-up and enhanced medical research; and worked to
revitalize low-income neighborhoods in urban and rural areas. The agenda
proved to be such a success that in November 2000, the American voters
elected another Republican majority to the House.
Throughout his legislative career, Speaker Hastert has drawn from his
experience as a former wrestling coach by emphasizing teambuilding and
setting clear-cut, achievable goals. The Speaker has since remained
committed to the goals he laid out during his first term as Speaker and
his accomplishments during the 107th Congress prove this.
The 107th Congress was successful in enacting landmark education
reform, far-reaching election reform, and completing work on the most
significant tax relief in a generation. Furthermore, in response to the
tragic attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, the Congress passed
historic legislation by creating a Department of Homeland Security--the
most significant restructuring of the Federal Government in the last 50
years. With this new department, and with the passage of anti-terrorism
legislation designed to mitigate the threat of terrorist activities, the
President has the tools he needs to help ensure that the safety and
security of our homeland will not be compromised again.
On January 7, 2003, Hastert rose again to the challenge of continuing
his role as Speaker of the House. During his opening speech of the 108th
Congress, he laid out a commonsense plan that would make this Nation a
safer and more secure place for all Americans. He vowed to the men and
women in our armed services that they would receive continued
congressional support in their fight against terrorists and the
terrorist states that harbor them. Hastert also promised to work with
Members on both sides of the aisle to pass an economic growth package
that would create jobs, grow our economy and ensure more financial
security for Americans. Furthermore, Hastert emphasized his commitment
in promoting more foreign trade, passing a prescription drug package to
make drugs more affordable for our Nation's seniors, and furthermore
improving America's schools so that all children have the opportunity to
get a good education.
Prior to his election as Speaker in 1999, Hastert served as chief
deputy majority whip, a leadership position he had held since the
election of the 104th Congress in 1994. In that capacity, Hastert was
responsible for advancing commonsense legislation to the House floor by
working with Members, developing an achievable policy strategy, lining
up support and counting Republican and Democrat votes to ensure passage.
His reputation is one of reaching across the aisle to develop bipartisan
legislation.
He also served as chairman of the House Government Reform and
Oversight Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs and
Criminal Justice. Chairman Hastert had broad oversight for the
Departments of State, Defense and Justice, as well as the Nation's war
on drugs and the 2000 Census. As a member of the House Commerce
Committee, Hastert had jurisdiction over energy policy, interstate and
foreign commerce, broadcast and telecommunications policy, food, health
and drug issues.
Additionally, Hastert has been the House Republican point person on
health care reform. He has chaired the Speaker's Steering Committee on
Health and the Resource Group on Health, and he helped author the health
care reform bill, which was signed into law by President Clinton in 1996
to expand coverage to the uninsured. In the 105th Congress, Hastert
again was tapped by the House leadership to chair the House Working
Group on Health Care Quality, which ultimately authored the Patient
Protection Act. That legislation, which passed the House on July 24,
1998, expanded Americans' choices and access to affordable, high-quality
health care.
During his years in Congress, Hastert championed legislation to
balance the Federal budget, cut taxes and government waste and clean up
the environment. For instance, he led the nationwide fight with U.S.
Senator John McCain (R-AZ) to repeal the unfair Social Security earnings
limit that kept millions of senior citizens from working--a project
finally accomplished during his speakership in the 106th Congress. He
also has passed legislation to reduce big government regulations in
areas such as trucking and telecommunications in order to increase
competition and consumer choice. In addition, Hastert has fought to
preserve safe groundwater standards by successfully working for the
removal and proper disposal of 21 million cubic feet of low-level
thorium waste in West Chicago, IL, and by blocking a proposed garbage
dump that would threaten the Fox Valley's groundwater supply.
Congressman Hastert has continued to build on his record of
accomplishment for all his constituents. During the most recent
Congress, he successfully supported a full-funding agreement with the
U.S. Department of Transportation that will expand Metra train service
in the 14th District. He secured dozens of Federal grants for district
communities and organizations that will assist with everything from
bolstering police services to protecting district farmland. Hastert also
successfully sponsored legislation in 2002 to designate the Ronald
Reagan Boyhood Home in Dixon a National Historic Site. Signed by
President George Bush on Reagan's 91st birthday, the legislation ensures
that the property will be maintained as a living legacy to our 40th
President.
Hastert enjoys strong editorial support from the newspapers in his
district and has received the ``Outstanding Legislator'' award by
numerous groups. He is particularly proud to have been named repeatedly
a ``Friend of Agriculture,'' ``Guardian of Senior Rights,'' and to have
won in each of his years in Congress the ``Golden Bulldog Award'' for
fighting against waste in government.
Prior to Congress, during the eighties, Hastert served three terms in
the Illinois General Assembly, where he spearheaded legislation on child
abuse prevention, property tax reform, educational excellence and
economic development. While there, he also led an effort that resulted
in the adoption of a new public utilities act, reforming the law to
benefit Illinoisans.
Hastert spent the first 16 years of his career as a government and
history teacher at Yorkville High School, and it also was there that he
met his wife, Jean, a fellow teacher. In addition to teaching, he
coached football and wrestling and led the Yorkville High School Foxes
to victory at the 1976 Illinois State Wrestling Championship; later that
year, he was named Illinois Coach of the Year. Hastert, a former high
school and college wrestler himself, was inducted as an Outstanding
American into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in Stillwater, OK, in
2000. In 2001, the United States Olympic Committee named him honorary
vice president of the American Olympic movement.
Born on January 2, 1942, Hastert is a 1964 graduate of Wheaton [IL]
College where he earned a bachelor's degree in economics. He attended
graduate school at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, where he
earned a master's degree in the philosophy of education in 1967. Hastert
lives in Yorkville, IL, along the Fox River with his wife Jean. They
have two grown sons, Ethan and Joshua. Whenever he can find free time,
Hastert enjoys attending wrestling meets, going fishing, restoring
vintage automobiles, and carving and painting duck decoys.
Newt Gingrich
Newt Gingrich is well-known as the architect of the Contract with
America that led the Republican Party to victory in 1994 by capturing
the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in
40 years. After he was elected Speaker, he disrupted the status quo by
moving power out of Washington and back to the American people. Under
his leadership, Congress passed welfare reform, passed the first
balanced budget in a generation, and restored funding to strengthen our
defense and intelligence capabilities, in addition to passing the first
tax cuts in 16 years.
But there is a lot more to Newt Gingrich than these remarkable
achievements. As an author, Newt has published seven books including the
bestsellers, Gettysburg, Contract with America and To Renew America. His
most recent books are Grant Comes East, the second in a series of active
history studies in the lessons of warfare based on a fictional account
of the Civil War and Saving Lives & Saving Money, which demonstrates how
to transform health and health care into a 21st century system.
In his post-Speaker role, Newt has become one of the most highly
sought-after public speakers, accepting invitations to speak before some
of the most prestigious organizations in the world. Because of his own
unquenchable thirst for knowledge, Newt is able to share unique and
unparalleled insights on a wide range of topics. His audiences find him
to be not only an educational but also an inspirational speaker.
Widely recognized for his commitment to a better system of health for
all Americans, his leadership helped save Medicare from bankruptcy,
prompted FDA reform to help the seriously ill and initiated a new focus
on research, prevention, and wellness. His contributions have been so
great that the American Diabetes Association awarded him their highest
non-medical award and the March of Dimes named him their 1995 Georgia
Citizen of the Year. Today he serves as a board member of the Juvenile
Diabetes Foundation.
In his book, Saving Lives & Saving Money, Newt describes his vision of
a 21st century system of health and health care that is centered on the
individual, prevention focused, knowledge intense, and innovation rich.
Moreover, he makes the case for a market-mediated system that will
improve choice and quality while driving down costs. To foster
such a modern health system that provides better outcomes at lower cost,
Newt launched the Center for Health Transformation
(www.healthtransformation.net).
Recognized internationally as an expert on world history, military
issues, and international affairs, Newt serves as a member of the
Defense Policy Board. Newt is the longest-serving teacher of the joint
war fighting course for major generals. He also teaches officers from
all five services as a distinguished visiting scholar and professor at
the National Defense University. Newt serves on the Terrorism Task Force
for the Council on Foreign Relations. He is an editorial board member of
the Johns Hopkins University journal, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, and
is an advisory board member of the Foundation for the Defense of
Democracies.
In 1999, Gingrich was appointed to the United States Commission on
National Security/21st Century, the Hart/Rudman Commission, to examine
our national security challenges as far out as 2025. The Commission's
report is the most profound rethinking of defense strategy since 1947.
The report concluded that the number one threat to the United States was
the likelihood over the next 25 years of a weapon of mass destruction--
nuclear, chemical, and/or biological--being used against one or more
major cities unless our defense and intelligence structures underwent a
massive transformation. That report was published 6 months before
September 11.
Because of his work on the Commission, Newt Gingrich is credited with
the idea contained in the report of a homeland security agency with a
secretary to serve on the Cabinet level. President George W. Bush has
since created the Department of Homeland Security.
Newt Gingrich is CEO of the Gingrich Group, a communications and
consulting firm that specializes in transformational change, with
offices in Atlanta and Washington, DC. He serves as a senior fellow at
the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, DC; a distinguished
visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University in Palo
Alto, CA; the honorary chairman of the NanoBusiness Alliance; and as an
advisory board member for the Museum of the Rockies. Newt is also a news
and political analyst for the Fox News Channel.
Newt Gingrich is a leading advocate of increased Federal funding for
basic science research. In 2001, he was the recipient of the Science
Coalition's first Science Pioneer award, given to him for his
outstanding contributions to educating the public about science and its
benefits to society.
A strong advocate of volunteerism, Gingrich has long championed the
positive impact every individual can have on society. He has raised
millions of dollars for charity, donating both time and money to a wide
array of causes, including Habitat for Humanity, United Cerebral Palsy,
the American Cancer Society, and ZooAtlanta. A former environmental
studies professor, he is widely recognized for his commitment to the
environment and to the advancement of a new, commonsense
environmentalism. In 1998, the Georgia Wildlife Federation named him
Legislative Conservationist of the Year.
Newt was first elected to Congress in 1978 where he served the Sixth
District of Georgia for 20 years. In 1995, he was elected Speaker of the
U.S. House of Representatives where he served until 1999. The Washington
Times has called him ``the indispensable leader'' and Time magazine, in
naming him Man of the Year for 1995, said, ``Leaders make things
possible. Exceptional leaders make them inevitable. Newt Gingrich
belongs in the category of the exceptional.''
His experiences as the son of a career soldier convinced him at an
early age to dedicate his life to his country and to the protection of
freedom. Realizing the importance of understanding the past in order to
protect the future, he immersed himself in the study of history,
receiving his bachelor's degree from Emory University and master's and
doctorate in modern European history from Tulane University. Before his
election to Congress, he taught history and environmental studies at
West Georgia College for 8 years.
He resides in Virginia with his wife, Callista. He has two daughters
and two grandchildren.
Thomas S. Foley
Ambassador Thomas S. Foley advises clients on matters of legal and
corporate strategy. He is currently the chairman of the Trilateral
Commission.
In addition to being a partner at Akin Gump, Ambassador Foley is also
a senior advisor at AG Global Solutions, a joint venture of Akin Gump
and First International Resources, Inc., focusing on strategic
communications and problem-solving for corporations and sovereign
governments, particularly in complex cross-border matters.
Prior to rejoining the firm in 2001, Ambassador Foley served as the
25th U.S. Ambassador to Japan.
Before taking up his diplomatic post in November 1997, Ambassador
Foley served as the 49th Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was
elected to represent the State of Washington's Fifth Congressional
District 15 times, serving his constituents for 30 years from January
1965 to December 1994.
Mr. Foley served as majority leader from 1987 until his election as
Speaker on June 6, 1989. From 1981 to 1987 he served as majority whip,
the number three position in the House leadership. He also was a
chairman of both the House Democratic Caucus and the Democratic Study
Group.
During his years in Congress, Mr. Foley was a member of the Committee
on Interior and Insular Affairs. He served as chairman of the Committee
on Agriculture and the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct.
As majority leader, Mr. Foley served on the Permanent Select Committee
on Intelligence, the Committee on the Budget, the Select Committee to
Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, and as chairman of the
House Geneva Arms Talks Observer Team.
In 1995, following his career in Congress, Ambassador Foley joined
Akin Gump as a partner.
Mr. Foley has served on a number of private and public boards of
directors, including the Japan-America Society of Washington. He also
served on the board of advisors for the Center for Strategic and
International Studies and on the board of directors for the Center for
National Policy. He was a member of the board of governors of the East-
West Center and is currently a member of the Council on Foreign
Relations. Before his appointment as Ambassador, he served as chairman
of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.
Mr. Foley is an honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire. He
has been awarded the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic
of Germany and also is a member of the French Legion of Honor. In 1996
the Government of Japan conferred upon him the Grand Cordon of the Order
of the Rising Sun, Paulowina Flowers, in recognition of his service to
the U.S. House of Representatives and the important impact he had in
facilitating harmonious U.S.-Japan relations and promoting understanding
of Japan in the United States.
Mr. Foley is a native of Spokane, WA, and a graduate of the University
of Washington and its School of Law. He is a member of the District of
Columbia Bar.
Mr. Foley is married to the former Heather Strachan. They reside in
Washington, DC, and Spokane, WA.
James C. Wright, Jr.
The insights gained by Speaker Jim Wright in his long and tumultuous
career can shed light on many of the problems we face in the world
today. A Member of Congress for 34 years, Mr. Wright served with eight
American Presidents. He was chosen by his colleagues as Speaker of the
U.S. House of Representatives, the highest honor Members can bestow upon
one of their number. He has met and come to know many heads of state
including Mikhail Gorbachev and several of the current leaders of Middle
Eastern nations.
As majority leader, Mr. Wright helped President Carter achieve the
historic peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. He was the principal
advocate in Congress for an energy policy to reduce our Nation's
dependence on Middle Eastern oil.
As House Speaker, Mr. Wright presided over the historic 100th
Congress, considered the most productive in a generation. Under his
leadership, Congress passed landmark legislation on such major issues as
shelter for the homeless, catastrophic medical assistance for the
elderly, safer highways and bridges, quality education, clean water and
affordable housing. That 100th Congress fashioned the beginnings of an
effective war on drugs and passed the first major trade bill in 50
years.
Jim Wright was born in Fort Worth, TX, a city he represented in
Congress from 1955 through 1989. He completed public school in 10 years
and was on his way to finishing college within 3 years when Pearl Harbor
was attacked. Following enlistment in the Army Air Corps, Mr. Wright
received his flyer's wings and a commission at 19. He flew combat
missions in the South Pacific and was awarded the Distinguished Flying
Cross and the Legion of Merit.
After the war, Mr. Wright was elected to the Texas Legislature at 23.
At 26, he became the youngest mayor in Texas when voters chose him to
head their city government in Weatherford, his boyhood home.
Elected to Congress at 31, he served 18 consecutive terms and authored
major legislation in the fields of foreign affairs, economic
development, water conservation, education, and energy. Mr. Wright
received worldwide recognition for his efforts to bring peace to Central
America.
Jim Wright served 10 years as majority leader before being sworn in as
Speaker on January 6, 1987. He was reelected as Speaker in January 1989.
A prolific writer, he has authored numerous books: You and Your
Congressman, The Coming Water Famine, Of Swords and Plowshares,
Reflections of a Public Man and Worth It All: My War for Peace. He has
also written articles for major magazines and newspapers. His most
recent book, Balance of Power: Congress and the Presidents from the Era
of McCarthy to the Age of Gingrich, was published in May 1996 by Turner
Publishing.
Mr. Wright currently serves as senior political consultant to American
Income Life Insurance Company. He writes a frequent newspaper column and
occasionally appears on network television news programs. Speaker Wright
has donated his papers and memorabilia to the Texas Christian University
library in Fort Worth, TX. Archivists there are cataloging these pieces
for reference and display. He is currently a distinguished lecturer at
TCU where he teaches a course entitled, ``Congress and the Presidents.''
Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr.
For Thomas P. ``Tip'' O'Neill, Jr., becoming Speaker of the House in
1977 was the pinnacle of a lifetime of service in government and the
Democratic Party. Born in a working class neighborhood in Cambridge, MA,
in 1912, the son of a city councilman, he entered politics at 15,
campaigning for fellow Irish Catholic Al Smith in the Presidential
election of 1928. While still a senior at Boston College, O'Neill lost a
bid for the Cambridge City Council.
Tip O'Neill learned two great lessons from his first campaign. One
lesson was learned on the last day of the campaign from his high school
elocution and drama teacher, a neighbor who lived across the street from
his residence. On that day, Mrs. Elizabeth O'Brien approached the
aspiring politician and said ``Tom, I'm going to vote for you tomorrow
even though you didn't ask me.'' O'Neill was puzzled as he had known
Mrs. O'Brien for years and had done chores for her, cutting grass,
raking leaves and shoveling snow. He told his neighbor that ``I didn't
think I had to ask for your vote.'' She replied, ``Tom, let me tell you
something: People like to be asked.'' The second bit of advice came a
few days after the election from O'Neill's father, when he told Tip:
``Let me tell you something that I learned years ago. All politics is
local.'' During that first campaign, Tip took his neighborhood for
granted and did not work hard enough in his ``own backyard.'' O'Neill
took these lessons to heart. He would not hold his career aspirations
over the interests of his constituents. The advice paid off. Beginning
in 1936, when he was elected to the State House of Representatives, Tip
never lost another election and he never took any vote for granted. Not
forgetting the advice of Mrs. O'Brien, on every election he would ask
his wife Millie for her vote. She would typically reply, ``Tom, I'll
give you every consideration.''
In 1937, O'Neill began his first year of public life as a
Massachusetts State representative and was elected minority leader in
1947.
In 1948, U.S. Congressman John W. McCormack (Democratic Party whip and
leader of the Massachusetts delegation) offered his support and
encouraged O'Neill to campaign hard to make the Democratic Party the
majority party in the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the
first time in a century. Their effort paid off as they captured 38 out
of 40 GOP districts targeted by the Democratic strategy. The Democrats
now held a majority of the seats, and O'Neill became the speaker of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives.
In 1952, by a 3,000-vote margin, O'Neill won the seat in Congress
vacated by John F. Kennedy, who had been elected to the U.S. Senate.
In Washington, under the tutelage of John McCormack, O'Neill learned
the system and rose steadily through the party ranks.
In 1955, he became a member of the House Rules Committee. In 1967 his
principled opposition to the Vietnam war startled many in his working
class district, as well as President Lyndon Johnson, but gained him
support among younger House Democrats. In 1970, he was a co-sponsor of a
reform bill that ended the practice of unrecorded voting in the House.
Congressmen would now be accountable to their constituents for their
actions. In 1971 he was named majority whip, then elected majority
leader in 1972, a position he used to lead the fight against President
Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal. In 1974, O'Neill played a
key role in managing the Nixon impeachment proceedings.
In 1977, O'Neill became the Speaker of the House of Representatives
and held the position until 1987. This was the longest continuous term
of the speakership in the Nation's history. One of his most important
actions was to open the House to live television coverage [C-SPAN]
beginning in 1979. In the eighties, O'Neill spearheaded the Democrats'
efforts to hold the excesses of the Reagan revolution in check and to
prevent massive scalebacks of social programs for the Nation's aged and
less advantaged citizens. The Speaker felt Reagan did not have a firm
grasp on domestic affairs and once characterized the popular President
as a ``Herbert Hoover with a smile.'' For these efforts, O'Neill was
vilified as a ``tax and spend liberal'' by the Republicans, the
conservative press and even some of his own constituents. By November
1982, America was in the grips of the worst economic downturn since the
Great Depression and Reagan's economic policies brought him the lowest
approval rating of his Presidency. In leading the loyal opposition into
Reagan's second term, O'Neill stayed true to the Democratic tradition he
viewed almost as a religion (alongside his other faiths, Roman
Catholicism and the Boston Red Sox). Also to the displeasure of the
Reagan administration, O'Neill was horrified by the atrocities committed
by Contra rebels in Nicaragua and sought to limit U.S. funding to these
groups.
After 10 years as Speaker, O'Neill retired in 1987, dividing his time
between an apartment in Washington and a house on Cape Cod. ``He was the
Congressman's Congressman,'' said longtime rival Senator Bob Dole when
O'Neill died in 1994 at the age of 81. ``He loved politics and
government because he saw [they] could make a difference in people's
lives,'' remembered President Bill Clinton, ``and he loved people most
of all.''
List of Conference Participants
Jeff Biggs. Director, Congressional Fellowship Program, American
Political Science Association. Former Press Secretary to Speaker Thomas
S. Foley.
James C. Billington. Librarian of Congress.
David E. Bonior. Democratic Member of the House from Michigan (1977-
2003).
Gary Copeland. Director, Carl Albert Congressional Studies and
Research Center, University of Oklahoma.
Mickey Edwards. Republican Member of the House from Oklahoma (1977-
1993).
John A. Farrell. Washington Bureau Chief, Denver Post.
Vic Fazio. Democratic Member of the House from California (1979-1999).
Thomas S. Foley. Speaker of the House of Representatives (1989-1995).
Democratic Member of the House from Washington (1965-1995).
Bill Frenzel. Republican Member of the House from Minnesota (1971-
1991).
Newt Gingrich. Speaker of the House of Representatives (1995-1999).
Republican Member of the House from Georgia (1979-1999).
J. Dennis Hastert. Speaker of the House of Representatives (1999- ).
Republican Member of the House from Illinois (1987- ).
Janet Hook. Chief Congressional Correspondent, Los Angeles Times.
Gary Hymel. Former administrative assistant to Majority Leader Hale
Boggs and Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr.
Tom Loeffler. Republican Member of the House from Texas (1979-1987).
Robert H. Michel. Republican Leader of the House (1981-1994).
Republican Member of the House from Illinois (1957-1995).
Daniel P. Mulhollan. Director, Congressional Research Service, Library
of Congress.
Walter J. Oleszek. Senior Specialist, Congressional Research Service.
Leon E. Panetta. Democratic Member of the House from California (1977-
1993). OMB Director (1993-1994). White House Chief of Staff to President
William Clinton (1994-1997).
Robert V. Remini. Professor of History; Kluge Scholar, Library of
Congress.
Dan Rostenkowski. Democratic Member of the House from Illinois (1959-
1995).
Robert S. Walker. Republican Member of the House from Pennsylvania
(1977-1997).
Donald Wolfensberger. Director, The Congress Project, Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars. Former staff director of the House
Rules Committee (1995-1997).
James C. Wright, Jr. Speaker of the House of Representatives (1987-
1989). Democratic Member of the House from Texas (1955-1989).